It’s literally buyers and sellers by the hundreds/thousands negotiating in real-time. There are some buyers/sellers willing to buy at whatever the market it, others who only want to sell at certain prices. If more orders come in than there are orders to sell, then the prices offered goes up until more sellers are willing to sell shares, whether that’s 1 penny more or $10 more.
So XYZ is selling at $50. You want to buy 100 shares at market price. Nobody wants to sell now at $50. So your bid goes up to $50.01. Then $50.02. Somebody sells 20 shares to you. At $50.05 another 50 shares sell. Finally at $50.07 you get your last 30 shares. New price is $50.07.
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