The earth spins on it’s own axis creating night and day, and as the moon orbits around the earth the sun is relatively static. So a good analogy would be to imagine you (the earth) standing in a room with a light on (the sun) while you hold a basketball (the moon) at arms length. if you face away from the light (night time) and hold the basketball in front of you, it will be fully lit (full moon). But if you hold the basketball to either side of you, as you still face away from the light, the basketball will only be half lit (half full moon) and half shadow. And if you imagine holding the basketball behind you, in between you and the light, you will only see the shadow side of the ball (a new moon).
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