It’s helpful to imagine a simple model to understand moon phases: it just takes two objects (balls are best) and a lamp.
If you place ball E (for earth) adjacent to ball M (moon) and shine the lamp from a few feet away, you’ll see a different shadow (phase) of M than if you place M between E and the lamp, or if you place M to the other side of E, or if you place M behind E.
Here’s a nice illustration of an even simpler way:
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