AFAIK, the long exposure time is what made it work. By “long” we’re still only talking a couple of seconds, but this enabled the photographer’s procedure to be 1. open the shutter, 2. count a number of seconds determined by the ambient light conditions, i.e. more for dark, fewer for bright, 3. ignite the flash, and then immediately 4. close the shutter. By not having an exposure time of a fraction of second (which you could do with the film speeds used after the powder flash era), there was ample time to start to record the image and then ignite the flash.
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