A great video to explain it: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pZZ5AEEmek&t=1s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pZZ5AEEmek&t=1s)
TLDW: There are things in the world where we know how they will behaving in specific circumstances. One of these things is how much light will be absorbed by blood at any given level of oxygen. By shining a light through it, and then measuring what’s on the other side, we can know.
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