How do you make a machine that has perfectly flat/plumb/level metal components without the aide of a machine to begin with?
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It was advances in many areas that created the conditions for precision machining and the first assembly lines.
For example, the Springfield Army wanted interchangeable parts for its firearms. Previously, parts were hand crafted and fitted together by an artisan.
The Enlightenment created a surge in many scientific disciplines. Advances in mathematics, metallurgy, gauging, assembly line management, and the creation of tools to make precision tools, all worked together. Once you made your desired prototype, you could craft the machines to mass produce.
The first industrial machines were hand crafted, but the successful ones were refined and replicated over time. It was a decades long process with incremental advances improvements.
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