It will depend on exactly how the thermostat system of the car work. But the common way to heat up stuff is simply to put in as much heat as possible into the cabin and reduce the heat when it is reached likely with an overshoot of some degrees. The car might slowly reduce the heat inflow when it gets a few degrees below to not overshoot.
So the unfrotionlay answer is that the true answer depends on the car. But the difference in time will be minimal as any change will be in the last few degrees
There is another question to consider: Is the goal temperature for the air in the car or does it include another part in the car like you that is cold?.
If you are induced set the temperature as high as possible will result in warmer air so it hit up other stuff faster. The air will get warmer so you get heated up faster. Then when you are warm set the temperature for what you like for the trip.
If it is you that is cold removing clothes or just opening your jacket when the air start to get a bit warm will heat you up faster. Cloths rescue the rate of heat transfer, that is both heats from you going out and heat from the outside going in.
If you use multiple layers removing the outer shell layer that keeps wind and water out will is a good idea as it will stop the air in the car from heating you up by blocking airflow
There is one other function in the ventilation system that can make the car heat up a lot faster. If you use the air recirculation button you will not use cold air from the outside but reuse air from the inside. There is a drawback because moisture trapped in the car will circulate around and can start fogging on the windows. So it is a compromise, you can use it and turn it off if there starts to be any fogging.
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