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Radiation damages cells and damages the genetic material in them. Most of the time it either just kills the cell, or makes it not function well. Sometimes though it damages it in a way that doesn’t kill it, but makes it reproduce too much. This is cancer. Randomly getting hit with radiation increases your risk of cancer. Too much radiation just outright kills you. For treating cancer with radiation it is a focused/targeted dose of radiation aimed at the cancer itself of sufficient strength to kill it.
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