ELi5: In ancient wars, how did the commanders know if they are winning a war while they were in the chaos of the war?
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They often didn’t. The first sign that you were loosing a battle was that your dudes are running away.
Out on campaign, you had scouts to tell you where the enemy was and how many were there. You can make plans and issue orders to your subordinates but once you ordered all your men into combat you could only hope and pray. In fact, there are records of Roman generals, performing religious rites in the middle of battle.
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