I believe qualified dividends are those dividends that are taxed as capital gains. Unqualified dividends are taxed as earned income. What makes a dividend as qualified vs unqualified I will leave for someone else.
You owe taxes on dividends whether you sell your stock or not. If you also sold your stock for a gain then you owe capital gains on BOTH the qualified dividends they paid you AND the profit from selling the stock (amount sold for minus the cost basis of the sold stock).
EDIT:
I should have added that being taxed on selling a stock at a capital gains rate generally means that you held that stock for at least a year before selling it. If you sell without holding it for a year you generally have to pay earned income rate for the profit
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