Most common modern rangefinders are laser rangefinders, they’re just shooting an invisible laser at something and seeing how long it takes to return and doing the math to determine distance.
The absolute cheapest golf rangefinders are simple monoculars with a reticle (marked lines) that you hold over the flag stick on the green. How tall the flag stick is compared to your reticle tells you the rough distance.
But for pre-laser (or radar) rangefinding, they did use optical rangefinders. Stereoscopic and coincidence rangefinders work a little differently, but they both have two lenses (usually spread pretty far apart), and the user basically adjusts the angle of the lenses until the target is properly in view. Once that’s done, you know the range based on a rangescale on the device. So yeah, probably a lot of math by smart people pre-computers to figure that out.
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