In a standard primary, people vote for their preferred candidate using a secret ballot, just like the general election. Of course, the primaries are just for party candidates to run in the general election. People decide who they are going to vote for and then cast their vote, then the votes are counted up.
A caucus brings the party members from each district together and they discuss the pros and cons of each candidate and attempt to reach a consensus on the best candidate. Typically they aren’t able to reach a unanimous decision and still end the process with a vote. But that vote is preceded by a fair bit of discussion and debate.
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