Oooh I just watched a video on this topic recently!
Depending on the gasses on that planet, they will absorb different wavelengths of light. This means that we can split the light and look for missing colours in the resulting rainbow. And compare to know gasses on earth that leave the same signature pattern.
[Be Smart – Why some of the rainbow is missing](https://youtu.be/gVZwdYZqCUI?si=QClHpArJ3abiGoRS)
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