For example, the Romans were from a different migration (Indo european) than their very close neighbors the Etruscans. When and how did this happen, timeline wise.
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IE migrations, based on currently accepted, but by no means only, theory happened sometimes between 4000 and 1000 BCE, in various waves; from the hypothesized homeland north of Black/Caspian seas. The Pre-Indo European languages are not all necessarily related, but timeline wise, they predate the IE migrations in many cases. How did it happen? Gradually. People moved, settled, mixed with people who were already there, exchanged languages, goods, developed cultures, moved again etc.
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