Instead of calling your friend from your phone, you call a another phone that forwards the call to your friend. So your friend sees the proxys phone number.
English is not my mother language, so I don’t know the word for it, but Google told me: Chinese whispers
It works kind of like that
Edit:
„A proxy server is a bridge between you and the rest of the internet. Normally, when you use your browser to surf the internet, you connect directly to the website you’re visiting. Proxies communicate with websites on your behalf.“
Source: https://www.avast.com/c-what-is-a-proxy-server
Its a server that takes requests from clients, and then goes and fetches the request from the web server or whatever, then gives the results back to the clients.
Think of it this way.
You are a home, you want a beer. Beer is out, so you have to go to the store, but you can’t go outside because you have covid.
So you pop open the door dash app, you order beer. The driver goes to the store, gets the beer, and drops it off at your porch. Now you have beer.
Same concept. You request a web page, the proxy server goes and gets it for you, and then drops it off on your PC’s “doorstep”
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