Like what are their exact roles and responsibilities in the pre/post or even during production?
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lets just talk movies
if your question is more craft related, the director breaks down the script both visually and for performance, deciding how they want each character beat to be performed (or at least having a starting place before working with the actors). this means having a deep understanding of who these characters are at every point in the story, planning what tactics and behaviors each character will be using to escalate a scene (the script will have a general intent, but its the directors job to sort the precise details of the performance).
Once the story beat breakdown is done, in any sane world the director does boards and works with the DP to sort out what the look is, what lenses to use, how tight or loose they want the camera’s eye line to talent etc. They also work with all other departments to align their crafts to a unified vision for the film. Some directors are super involved in all these stages, some just hire people they trust or like and let them do their thing.
In post production they are the one making most of the creative calls (within the requirements of the studio) working in conjunction with the editor, sound designer, sound mixer, colorist etc.
basically the director is the captain of the ship.
now in TV its usually different, as the showrunning executive producer is really the captain of the ship. directors in tv are mostly there to get the performances out of talent and ideally elevate the writing within the visual language of the show.
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