In the most basic terms I can think of:
Directors turn writers words into imagery.
So, a director will receive a script to work on. They will be involved in pre-production, which is determining how the film will look and feel. Various other heads of departments are brought on to help create this look. Think production and costume and location designers. Director will either dictate or discuss, depending on their style, how the film should look and the other heads of the departments will go off to work on achieving this look.
During filming, the director is the one on set who calls the shots, who makes the decisions, who calls cut, who says who goes where and what does what. They are responsible for everything you see in the final shot. They also tell (or work with) the actors *how* they should be acting in a particular moment. That’s when you hear about different takes being used. The director decides which take of acting is going to end up in the final film.
When it comes to Post, the director is there to oversee any special effects, how the editing should be cut and how the film should be paced, the music and sound effects are done mostly in Post so there’s lots of tweaking and testing and listening to produce a final sound mix.
About the only thing directors *aren’t* actively involved in, which I always find really strange, is marketing and cutting trailers.
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