It’s an organization that performs research related to their goals. This research is then shared publicly and with policy makers, etc. to try and inform legislation or other action.
For example, a think tank focused on tax policy might study effects of different types of taxation systems, different tax levels, etc. to try and make recommendations for tax policy. They might release public posts about lowering taxes or adding wealth taxes, especially now around Tax Day, to try and sway public opinion. But they would also provide more in depth research to congressional staffs trying to influence tax policy.
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