Mastering a song is checking, and often correcting, how a song sounds so that it’s not too quiet, not too loud, and works well with the media (CDs, FLACs, Vinyl, etc.) that it’s on. For instance, a recording on Vinyl needs to be carefully equalized to let the bass come through, but if it’s too loud, it can cause the player to skip!
The mastering engineer also will make sure all the tracks on an album are at roughly the same loudness, and that the song order works well.
Remastering is that same thing, but usually done to take advantage of technology that has come out since the album’s first release. For instance, when CDs first came out, they had to remaster a lot of albums because CDs could reproduce high end tones at a higher volume than vinyl did.
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