It is short for “exponent” or “exponential form”. It appear in calculators because it is easier to display 1.9773e30 than 1.9773*10^(30) which is the *proper* way to write it. You save two characters by replacing the whole *10 with just the ‘e’ *and* don’t need to bother with a method of displaying superscript. It only exists because calculator manufacturers are cheap.
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