The original way was to attach a semi-circle weight to the end of a motor and have it spin. That creates a vibration in all directions. Stronger vibrations are achieved by spinning the motor faster. You will find these in all game controllers.
Apple’s patented way – for the iPhone, iPad and MacBook, is to have a piece of metal sat on a rail, between two magnets. By activating one magnet at a time, they can move the central metal piece back and forth to create the vibrations. The faster they switch each magnet on and off, determines the strength of the vibration.
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