[tiny electric motor.](https://i5.walmartimages.com/asr/577f3f21-4f5d-4a78-8b8f-02d08106398d.ddf5a3db4c7a5b232e5f20eb9bf4458d.jpeg) the shaft of the motor that spins has a weight on it. it’s attached lopsided, so it wobbles around when it spins, causing vibrations
newer phones like iPhones, have a [transducer](https://youtu.be/Nz3Z2XQZpJs?t=75). it’s like if you took a speaker and removed the speaker cone (the part that moves the air to make sound waves). instead, the vibrations are transferred into the phone, so you can “feel” the vibrations. it’s a little more complicated than that, but for ELI5, close enough
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