They are specialized nerve endings looking for a specific type of chemical. When it senses it, it sends an electrical signal to your brain that it is being tickled by the thing it is supposed to detect. This is how our taste buds get fooled by things like mint. The nerve that is supposed to report “cold” is getting tickled by the mint, which is not actually cold.
Most of the actual taste that our brain processes comes from smell, and not the taste buds. If you pinch your nose, you can dull the taste of what is in your mouth.
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