The holding company focuses on dealing with investors, setting the overall goals for the group and selecting the senior management of the subsidiaries. Then the subsidiaries focus on the specifics of making money in their area or market. For banks like the ones you mentioned in your question, holding companies have benefits like allowing the bank to have different companies for different countries, which means that dealing with regulations and taxes can be separated out to the subsidiary companies in each country. They also let the banks separate different parts of their business and offer some security in case things go wrong with a particular market or type of business.
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