eli5: What is Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem in math and computer science?

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What are the problems and theorems that are derived from it?

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Any consistent formal system that is powerful enough to describe the natural numbers must be incomplete in the sense that there will always be statements that are true within the system but cannot be proven within the system.
In other words, Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem says that no formal system (such as a system of mathematical axioms or a computer program) can be both consistent and complete. This has important implications for the foundations of mathematics and computer science, as it suggests that there are limits to what can be proven or computed within a formal system.

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