It’s not a paradox, it’s a feedback loop.
The microphone goes into an amplifier which boosts the signal, then the amplifier powers the speaker which plays that boosted signal louder than the original.
If you hold a microphone into a speaker it just boosts the signal in a loop indefinitely until the amplifier can’t make it any louder.
It squeals and howls because microphones and speakers are not perfect and they emphasize certain frequencies louder than others, so when you make a feedback loop, those frequencies get boosted most and you end up with loud squealing.
Also, don’t do it intentionally. It can be really bad for the microphone, speaker and all the electronics in between.
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