In a sentence: It’s a few big text blocks made after world war 2 to define and give rights to people caught in a war zone that aren’t actively fighting soldiers.
The documents say what should be very obvious things like:
Take wounded soldiers as prisoners of war instead of killing them.
Don’t torture prisoners of war.
Don’t intentionally kill medics, civilians, messengers, etc
As you are probably able to guess, war is never ethical, and conflicting countries will do whatever they can to gain an advantage. If I had to guess, the fact that these points are so rarely followed is probably the reason people joke about something “violating the Geneva convention”. It is ultimately a pointless piece of lip service.
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