Engines work on explosions. You need to either make the explosions bigger, or make them happen faster (more often) to make more power to go faster.
They make explosions bigger in a few ways, such as increasing cylinder size or by forcing more air and fuel into the cylinders. This is typically where power is added.
Making the explosions faster is a little harder because it is a matter of precision and balance so the engine doesn’t just blow itself up or vibrate apart. Faster is also meaningless if the explosions aren’t big enough to create enough power to move the car.
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