A traditional top loading machine uses what is called an “agitator”, basically a big spinning stick with fins of some kind, that pushes clothes around, mixing the soap and water with everything. They tend to be less efficient at cleaning and they tend to be much rougher on clothes.
Front-loading washers, on the other hand, mostly use gravity to toss everything around. The whole drum on the inside, the thing you load the clothes into, spins around really fast. This tends to be more efficient at cleaning, and it uses less water, but it tends to take longer to wash clothes.
You can also stack front-loading machines to save space.
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