In a house, it’s pretty simple. Some kind of temperature controlled switch, either electrical or mechanical.
Cars get a little bit more complex. Engine heat is always available and used to warm the air when you turn the dial on the most basic systems. It does this with the AC compressor going in most cases.
Depending on the vehicle and the type of system it has, it could be set to a temperature and the computer opens blend doors as required to redirect warm and cold air to keep the temperature consistent while controlling the compressor.
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