Are you talking about the [mixing console](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console)? Basically the reason that there’s so many knobs and faders is because that console has dozens (sometimes even hundreds) of different inputs, and those controls are duplicated for each input.
So if you’re recording a song, you’ll probably have at least one input for each vocalist, a couple for a keyboard, a couple for each electric guitar, a whole bunch for your drum set (many drums are miced individually and some like the snares may have multiple mics), and then there may be other inputs that you’re feeding in like recorded samples.
So each one of those inputs goes to a channel, each of which is represented by a vertical strip of controls on that mixing console. Those controls will adjust things like volume (the big sliding lever at the bottom called a fader), mute, EQ (how much low/mid/high end you hear), gain (basically how much volume is coming into a channel as opposed to how much is going out of it), compression (how much difference in volume there is between the quiet parts and the loud parts), sends (which are used to add effects like reverb or autotuning), and others.
So yes, each one of those controls has a function, but it’s not like they’re all doing completely different things. It just looks overwhelming because there are so many different inputs and those controls are duplicated for each one.
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