Are you familiar with old fashioned morse code? Someone taps a button and the person on the other end hears a series of long and short beeps? The signal being sent is the pattern of beeps which are called “dits” and “dahs”.
Imagine a similar setup where the first person instead broadcasts a continuous hum at some fixed tone. They then need to modify this hum to send the pattern of dits and dahs. They could make the hum quiet for a moment to signal dit, and loud to signal dah. This is amplitude modulation. Or they could make the hum lower pitch for a moment to signal dit and higher to signal dah. This is frequency modulation.
The hum in this example is the carrier radio frequency that you tune your radio to to hear a specific station, and the way we encode the signal onto it is the modulation techique.
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