Larger dust particles get trapped in mucus. Your lungs are constantly producing mucus that gets moved up your respiratory tract by little hairs lining your respiratory tract, or by coughing, and get swallowed. Unless you spot it out, but for the most part you just end up eating it.
Ultra fine particles get absorbed into the blood and are handled by the immune system. Some might get captured and locked in place causing scarring, but normally would be captured by lymphatic cells, moved through the lymph system to the liver or kidney, and dumped into your kidneys or bowel and leave the body that way.
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