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When you eat food, your body breaks down a lot of the big molecules into smaller molecules that the body can use for its own biological processes. There are enzymes (nucleases) made in the pancreas and small intestine that break down DNA and RNA into nucleosides (nucleotides without their phosphate group). These broken down materials get absorbed by the small intestines and passed into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, they can enter individual cells and hang out in the cells’ cytoplasm.
While the nucleosides are in the body, there are enzymes that can add phosphate groups onto them. This results in triphosphate nucleotides or nucleotides with 2 phosphate groups. The most familiar example of a triphosphate is ATP, which is a product of cellular respiration that provides cells with energy. However, ATP is also a precursor for adenine nucleotides. (There are similar molecules for the other kinds of RNA and DNA nucleotides.)
These triphosphate molecules can float around a cell until they interact with another enzyme that facilitate the chemical reaction to add it to an existing chain of RNA or DNA.
TL;DR: The raw materials come from food. Enzymes change them a little bit. They float around the cell available for polymer-building enzymes.
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