eli5: why are ICE engines only able to achieve 20-30% thermal efficiency?

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I read that a massive portion of usable energy is wasted and turned to heat instead of being used to turn the crankshaft — would there be like any way of reducing the heat/cooling the engine so you could get 50-70% thermal efficiency?

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Anonymous 0 Comments

The chemical reaction of burning gasoline mixed with air produces a fixed amount of thermal energy based on the number of oxygen and gasoline molecules involved in the reaction.

Ice engines don’t actually use all of that heat energy directly, they use a side effect of the chemical reaction, the pressure created by the reaction, to convert potential to kinetic energy.

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