A neuroscientist is a researcher in biology who tries to find out how the nervous system works. Which areas of the brain are connected to, for example, feelings of social inclusion, or language learning, which molecules are responsible for nervous system signaling, etc…
A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in treating psychiatric illness: the treatment of brain function which is thought to be at the root of disorders of thinking, feeling, conduct, etc…. They usually treat psychiatric patients with medication to affect nervous system function, but are often also involved in long term multi-disciplinary follow-up and coordination of the treatment patients.
So one is doing scientific investigation, one is treating patients.
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