Part of it is because different languages can be more computer friendly or programmer friendly: assembly (more computer friendly), C, C++, python (more programmer friendly). So you can pick the language based on how much performance is needed vs how long can you spend coding it.
Also, some languages are specialized: matlab for calculation, mathematica for symbolic math, java script for web programs, etc.
There are also many programming languages that serve the same function as another one, but have a different syntax. C++, go, rust for example. There isn’t a good reason for more than one to exist, but it’s simple enough to create one, than multiple people or organizations did it.
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