What mechanism is embedded within, for instance, tram cards that you can use to check in and out of your train ride, that prevents you from copying the signal that is coming from that card ? I could maybe understand this for cards that have an account linked to them (e.g. bank cards or other personalised cards), but what about cards you just [top up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored-value_card?wprov=sfti1) (e.g. [train cards in the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OV-chipkaart?wprov=sfti1)). Why couldn’t you just copy every signal that is coming out of that card and clone it to a different one making a receiving device think you have a topped up card?
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Contactless cards use radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. This means that the card transmits a signal that can be read by an RFID reader. However, the signal from a contactless card cannot be cloned because it is encrypted.
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