Is there a common denominator which led to this throughout history & across many nations?
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This is a kind of question that calls for a ‘Grand Theory of History’ kind of answer, and as such there is no correct answer and it depends on your own personal politics what you put credit in.
Personally I take the leftist view that political power follows economic power and that political systems have their own contradictions in them. The system relies on certain things being true, while the system itself erodes those things, eventually the system cant sustain itself and collapses to make way for the new system which can survive in the new circumstances.
Monarchical Fuedalism as a system is effectively the delegation of various fiefdoms (areas of land) to various nobles to run, meaning to operate and manage that land and the people on it largely for agricultural purposes. Back in the day this was the economy, peasants mostly farming for subsistence and what extra there was taken by the lord who sent most of that back up the chain in the form of taxes. The monarchy gets taxes, the nobility get privilege and the peasants are protected by the state. The economy did not grow much if at all, worldwide GDP graphs are pretty much flat for this time period, the most important way to grow your kingdoms economy was to acquire more land and peasants and those were in limited supply and you have to fight the other kingdom for it usually.
So Monarchical Fuedalism relies on a centralization of state and economic power in the feudal hierarchy and a fairly static economy dominated by subsistence agriculture. From the 1750’s onward these were increasingly not true.
The Industrial Revolution was changing the way economies worked, suddenly appreciable economic growth per year was a thing and most of your economic activity was coming from the cities rather than farmlands. The Fuedalistic structure doesn’t really make sense when most of your economic activity and wealth generation is centralized in large urban centers.
Following the ‘globalization’ of the world with the ability for worldwide trade (Especially with the Americas) and the industrial revolution came new classes of mercantile proto-Capitalists and then actual Capitalists that wielded significant economic power. So it wasn’t just the nobility and the church that had wealth anymore and these people demanded a say in or could just leverage their economic power to gain influence over state power.
These shifting conditions eroded at what made monarchical systems work, so those monarchies either got overthrown and replaced (ie, France, Russia) or made concessions to the degree that it nuetered itself (ie, the UK) when it had to.
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