To address the speed question, there was a theory that the faster a surgery was, the better chance of survival and lower chance of infection. We really didn’t know a lot about infection back then. Often, the doctor was also the undertaker and didn’t always wash his hands between embalming and surgeries and childbirth.
There’s a [story of one doctor](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Liston) that tried to amputate so fast but he not only amputated the patient’s limb, but amputated an assistant’s fingers on the follow-through. And someone else watching fainted when the knife cut through his coattails and died, as did the other two from infection, so with one surgery there were 3 casualties.
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