Sensitive teeth is normally caused by agitated nerves.
Sudden change in temperature can agitate the nerve and it sends the signal back to the brain to say “whatever you’re doing it damaging me”.
With sweet foods this is normally caused by the bacteria that eats sweet foods (and reproduces best from it) also eating part of the nerve as it eats the sugary remains. It’s only a small portion of the nerve getting eaten, like a tiny bug bite, but it still agitates it enough to send the “I’m being damaged” signal to the brain.
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