That’s literally how the derivative is defined. It’s the lim(deltax->0) (f(x+deltax)-f(x))/deltax. Most calc 1 courses go over it, so some supplemental reading might be to just go over “deriving the derivative” or “definition of derivative” in some capacity.
The fact that it simplifies to an easily remembered rule is incidental. All we do is literally find the slopes at more and more small intervals until you’re just at a single point.
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