The source of the screeching is “rail squeak” caused by the metal wheels scraping against curves in the rail track. This causes vibration that manifests as the loud noise.
The Northern and Central lines are worse in producing this noise because they are older and were built in tunnels dug directly under streets on the surface. This means they tend to have more curves than other rail lines, which of course would increase the chances of rubbing and producing the screeching.
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