It goes very much beyond the scope of ELI5 but the book “The Making of the Atomic Bomb” by Richard Rhodes will give you a very detailed understanding of the “how” it works. The book heavily delves into the “why” it was created in the first place and what was going through everyone’s minds as they did it. The vast majority of the scientists involved knew they were on the brink of an amazing discovery but never imagined a bomb was an actual possibility. By the time that was apparent, most either dived in head first to support the efforts of WWII (Allies & Axis) or did everything they could to stop it.
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