The quick answer: our modern concept of race goes back to the work of Johann Blumenbach who classified people not based on the color of their skin but on the shape of their skull. North Africans and Middle Easterners were classified as Caucasian, along with Europeans. The name Caucasian comes from the Caucus Mountains (think Georgia and Armenia) as he saw the people from that region as the archetype of the race.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach
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