Eli5: Why is it okay to replace electrolytes (including sodium) after exercise, but high sodium consumption is bad for long term health?

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I can’t figure how it’s beneficial to consume what seems like a high sodium drink after a workout but putting too much salt on my steak will kill me.

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When you exercise, you heat up. To cool you down, your body sweats, creating a thin layer of water on your skin that will evaporate, taking heat with it. In order to get water to move out of your body as sweat, your skin secretes sodium. Because of osmosis, water automatically follows (to put it in simple terms, water molecules love sodium so they follow it wherever it goes). This is why your sweat is salty.

Because you’ve now lost sodium, it’s a good idea to replenish it, because sodium is also used by your nerves, muscles and a whole bunch of other things.

The problem with having too much sodium actually works in the same way sweat does. If you have too much sodium in your bloodstream or kidneys, then water moves out of your actual cells to hang out with the sodium. When cells lose water like this, they shrink, causing all sorts of damage.

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