Generally, when economies enter the stage of population decline, they have trouble with the ratio of working to nonworking people. More people to take care of and fewer people to pay taxes.
Additionally, I have seen arguments that a bigger population in an advanced economy is actually the solution to things like climate change and resource scarcity because it allows people to enjoy economies of scale more (Producing things gets cheaper when you can make lots of things at once). I can’t remember the article I read this in, and it was quite controversial IIRC.
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