The thing about industrialization then urbanization is that it becomes a cost burden to have kids. When you had farms, that’s extra helping hands, in an urban setting, kids still remain a higher cost but without the helping hand. That’s why you’re seeing a huge dip in population in places like China, Russia, and mostly everywhere in the world.
China’s urbanization exploded, coupled with their one child policy, it may be too late for them to get enough kids to keep their infrastructure from crumbling In a few years.
I suspect south Korea is in a similar boat.
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