Curious if there is any relationship between size of particles and charge. If the proton was the same size as an electron, would their charges no longer cancel eachother out?
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We do not know about the size of an electron. We only know it is not larger than 10^−18 m The model we have is that it is a point particle so it has no size.
A proton on the other hand has a size, but it is not a fundamental particle it is made up of quarks. A proton contains 2 up quarks and 1 down quark.
A quark is a fundamental particle like the electrons with no known size and might be a point particle. An up quark has a charge of +2/3 and a down square of -1/3 and the result is a net charge of 0
They have fractional change because we defined a change as what an electron has. We could replace it and now an electron is at -3, an up quark at 2, and a down quark at -3. So do not let the fraction bother you.
That protons have a size even if the quarks have no size is not any different from how the atoms have a size that is determined by how electrons move around the core. The size is the volume where the point particles move around, for both protons and atoms.
I have to say I do not know enough about the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model to know if there is an explanation for why elections and quakes have a different amount of change but know all of them could have zero sizes.
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