In terms of information security, A single factor authentication just need one of the 5:
1. Something you KNOW, eg password
2. Something you HAVE, eg Smart Card
3. Somethign your ARE, eg biometrics
4. Something you DO, eg the way you sign the name
5. SomeWHERE you are, ie GPS
With Bank Smartcard (ie with chip – Smart Card), it satisfy “Something you have”.
That being said, most of us know that is not secure. So you got 2FA/MFA – MultiFACTOR – instead of just using one, you use multiple factors. In Banking, that means inserting Smart Card and then enter your PIN. In terms of Google Accounts, the Authenticator is consider something you HAVE, and then throw in password, and that’s your 2FA.
Throw in Geofencing and you got even more secure.
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